Showing posts with label Medical. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Medical. Show all posts

Friday, January 11, 2019

Breast Milk: The Market and Some Basics

Apparently there is a black market for breast milk. According to the Medical Confession podcast episode "All About Breastmilk" the liquid gold can go for $1.50 an ounce. A woman's production can vary, but typically at four to five weeks a baby will consume 30 oz of breast milk a day.

Due to a lack of safety and sanitary controls, however, this black-market milk may be contaminated with bacteria or could be fraudulently mixed with cow’s milk.

Fortunately, there are legit human milk banks that are subject to strict safety standards. The Human Milk Bank Association of North America (HMBANA), for example, provides FDA and CDC designed guidelines to its member milk banks.

According to safe storage standards, Mom's can save their expressed milk for up to six months in a freezer. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends breastfeeding for the first six months of a child's life.

Breast milk contains all the major macronutrients such as fat, carbs, and protein as well as important vitamins and minerals. Breast milk also contains antibodies from the mother that can provide newborns immunity protections. Babies who are breastfed are at 73% reduced chance of SIDS, show increased intelligence, contract fewer middle ear infections, colds/flu, etc.

Top health agencies like WHO, NIH, the American Academy of Pediatric Physicians, etc. are huge supporters of breastfeeding.

The production of breast milk is initiated by the hormones prolactin and oxytocin. According to the Medical Confessions podcast, men can also produce breast milk, called witches’ milk, that is surprisingly similar to a woman’s breast milk if given the proper milk-producing hormones.

There is both an art and a science to breast milk production. Some environmental and biological agents can help increase breast milk production. One of the hosts mentions Fenugreek as being particularly helpful, though she noticeably gave off the aroma of maple syrup. Mom’s must also be aware that what they ingest and what is in their system can be passed to their child.

Sunday, December 30, 2018

Immune System Hypersensitivities

Immune system hypersensitivity, or the over-reaction of the immune system, is classified into four primary types. The categories are known as type I, II, III, and IV hypersensitivities.

Type I hypersensitivity, for example, corresponds to allergies. Allergies generate an immediate immune response from the body that can range from uncomfortable to fatal. The mechanisms associated with the allergic response underlie conditions such as atopy, anaphylaxis, and asthma among others.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that affects nearly 1.6% of the general population. The most common sources of anaphylaxis are insect bites and stings, certain foods, and medications. Symptoms may first present like a typical allergic response such as a runny nose or skin rash, but after 30 minutes or so more serious symptoms appear including coughing, dizziness, hives, low blood pressure, shortness of breath, etc. Some people report feeling a "sense of doom" before the attack.

The immune system response originates when parts of the antigen’s molecules are delivered to T-helper cells located in the lymph nodes. A series of immune system reactions then reclassify the antigen as an allergen, a vastly more dangerous threat. After the initial exposure, the body retains allergen-specific antibodies that are prepared to spring into action upon the next exposure.

Anaphylactic shock occurs when blood pressure drops due to blood vessel dilatation and airways constrict. The combination can potentially deprive oxygen to major organs.

Epinephrine is the only sure fire way to immediately stop anaphylaxis. It counteracts the reaction produced by histamines by relaxing airways and constricting certain blood vessels. It is important to administer epinephrine as soon as possible with an auto-inject device such as an EpiPen. When in doubt it is better to be safe than sorry.

The body can gradually be desensitized to certain allergens with immunotherapy. However, desensitization is a very mediated process that is conducted over months or years, and always under trained supervision.

More about immune system hypersensitivities and anaphylaxis:
Med School Phys Podcast: Hypersensitivity Responses
Mental Floss: Here’s What Happens to Your Body During Anaphylaxis

Thursday, December 27, 2018

Researching Medical, Health Podcasts


Distillations: Science + Culture + History
@SciHistoryOrg #Distillations

Med School Phys Podcast

NPR Hidden Brain

Spreaker: Science

Somatopsychics: Physiology and Psychology of the Human Organism

The Short Coat Podcast
@TheShortCoat
"A #podcast w/weird news, fresh views, helpful clues and interviews by & for #medstudents and #premeds. Exploring the fun and funny bits since 2010."

8 Useful Medical Podcasts for Healthcare Professionals